Monday, March 10, 2014

Movie Update

And, like television, two years have gone by since a best films list has been put up on here. So here they are, with a couple of new ones making the cut.

My Top 101 Movies by Year











Sherlock, Jr. (1924)

Buster Keaton directs and stars in this under an hour comedy as the young, extremely agile, film projectionist. The sight gags are some of the best (and most copied) in cinema.










Sunrise (1927)

Moving story of a couple's romance, the camera transports the viewer through film, photo and painting in a hallucinatory, but beautiful, reverie.










The Last Command (1928)

The tragedy only deepens since it's cast as a farce: a general of the Russian army banished after the Revolution finds himself playing himself in a movie in Hollywood.











The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928)

Falconetti's brilliant portrayal of Joan and the visually stunning shots and close-ups make for one of the most beautiful and moving films ever made.










A Man with a Movie Camera (1929)

Incredible cinematography documenting modern Soviet Russia, no other film has such a unique and powerful structure, rewriting the language of how to view film.










M (1931)

Fritz Lang's psychological thriller was initially a docudrama of current events, which has subsequently become an allegory of public and private madness.










Grand Hotel (1932)

This is as close to Chekhov as I can get: A series of character portraits performed but some of the best actors of the day as they cross paths in the Grand Hotel: Garbo, Beery, two Barrymores, and Crawford.











Duck Soup (1933)

The best of the Marx's films, splendidly blending slapstick and witty dialogue, most of Groucho's quotes come from this one.












King Kong (1933)

The fun thriller that still is a good watch, even if the graphics aren't fantastic, Kong entertains in the classic scenes.










Camille (1936)

Greta Garbo's best performance as a social climber who is torn between the lap of luxury and true love, each scene is gripping as the plot develops.










Dodsworth (1936)

The finely mature story of a husband and wife's respective, and very different, midlife crises.











Modern Times (1936)

Chaplin's best performance blends humor with social satire (the first images are of sheep juxtaposed by people leaving a subway) in a light-hearted romance.











Grand Illusion (1937)

Renoir tells the story of a group of officers who escape from prisoner of war camps during the Second World War. Throughout the humanity, and sagacity, of both sides muse on deeper themes.










Olympia (1938)

One of the most stunning documentaries ever made by Leni Reifenstahl brilliantly portraying the human physique.










Ninotchka (1939)

Splendidly humorous story focuses on Garbo's cold Soviet exterior melting in Paris, surrounded by amusing characters in outstanding situations.










The Wizard of Oz (1939)

Flying monkeys, a cowardly lion and great songs add to an engaging plot of Dorothy's quest to find the Wonderful Wizard.










Fantasia (1940)

One of Disney's best cinematic pieces, brilliant animation of mushrooms, dinosaurs, and a Night on Bald Mountain accompany the classical music.










His Girl Friday (1940)

Cary Grant and Rosalind Russell compliment each other in one of the funniest and best written romantic comedies ever about reporters fighting for a story.










Citizen Kane (1941)

Watch this for Orson Welles' performance. The story is intriguing enough, and the cinematography is, on average, good. But Welles' acting makes viewing worthwhile.










Casablanca (1942)

If you've not heard of this film, or quote it, then you must've been living under a rock.










Children of Paradise (1945)

Brilliant acting about a troupe of actors in France in the 1830's who are trying for love, fame, or to just get by.










Notorious (1946)

The Grant-Bergman romance is passionate yet bitter amidst the undercover spy suspense in Rio.










The Third Man (1949)

Film Noir peak with supreme acting by Orson Welles as the mysterious Harry Lime.










White Heat (1949)

Cagney's brutal character will keep you on the edge of your seat as his tragic story relentlessly plays out.










An American in Paris (1951)

Gene Kelley takes the title role in a romantic musical comedy featuring great dance sequences, Gershiwn's score, and Oscar Levant's masterful piano pieces.










Ikiru (1952)

Kurosawa's story of an elderly bureaucrat who looks back and realizes his life has been of no consequence, leading to redemption; the counter 'It's a Wonderful Life'.










Umberto D. (1952)

The entire cast is comprised of non-professional actors, a fact no one could figure out on their own. The moving story of an aging pensioner's struggle accompanied by his dog.









Ugetsu (1953)

The story of two couples, neighbors, and their various fortunes in war: all four take different paths in the chaos and have their own trials to overcome.










Seven Samurai (1954)

Kurosawa's epic of the seven samurai without a leader who must protect a farming village from gangs.










The Apu Trilogy (1955, 56, 59)

Satyajit Ray's magnificent three-part film tells the story of a child, an adolescent, and a young man's hardships and triumphs.










Smiles of a Summer Night (1955)

Bergman claimed he had two options that summer: "Write Smiles of a Summer Night or kill myself." Luckily he chose the path of endearing romantic comedy.










Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)

It's hard to see this sci-fi horror as more than just a glorified 'B' movie or allegory of rampant McCarthyism. But it succeeds in terrifying the viewer with an original, frightening depiction of humanity.










Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)

Alec Guiness' best role as the British Officer holding on to his principles in a Japanese POW camp that is trying to break his spirit.










Sweet Smell of Success (1957)

Great drama doesn't require over the top scenarios: Tony Curtis is a small-time press agent up against the giant of his world: a columnist who refuses to make him.










Vertigo (1958)

Jimmy Stewart's great performance as the retired detective who investigates the split personality and past of a beautiful woman with whom he falls in love.










The 400 Blows (1959)

The story of a youth growing up and his progression from a kid who cuts up in class to being taken into state custody as a 'delinquent'.










Hiroshima Mon Amour (1959)

Identities, place and memory are all up for grabs in this landmark film about unlikely romance at the epicenter of the post-modern world.










La Dolce Vita (1960)

Marcello Mastroianni (playing Marcello) would later collaborate with Fellini in his portrayal of Fellini in 8 ½. In this Marcello is far more human, bemusedly observing the reckless behavior of the rich and famous.










Psycho (1960)

The ultimate mystery suspense thriller captures one of the most terrifying personalities ever created in brutal black and white shots.










Yojimbo (1961)

Kurosawa delivers a one man tour d' force satire western: the plot is standard (one man cleans up a corrupt town) but the performance, humor, and stark visuals are way beyond par for the course.










Jules and Jim (1962)

Perhaps the best love triangle portrayed in film. Or the best story of two men's friendship. Or the story of France and Germany's love-hate affair. You decide.










Lawrence of Arabia (1962)

Peter O' Toole stars as T.S. Lawrence who attempted to single-handedly unite the Arab world, surrounded by great co-stars and sweeping cinematography.










The Manchurian Candidate (1962)

Angela Lansbury shines as the villainous over-bearing mother who wants to put a sleeper in the White House, leaving Sinatra to stop her son from an assassination.










To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)

Growing up in the South, Scout looks to her father Atticus, played superbly by Gregory Peck, as a moral compass surrounded by inequality.










8 1/2 (1963)

The ultimate movie about making a movie, a director loses his inspiration and struggles to come up with the means to express himself.










Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)

Sellers plays three roles in Kubrick's black comedy: a British officer, President of the United States, and his advisor, the eponymous Strangelove, as the world may be ending.










A Hard Day's Night (1964)

It's been a while since a movie has really captured my spirit, but the partial documentary, starring the Fab Four, is not just fun, it's cinematographically mesmerizing.










Battle for Algiers (1966)

The extreme grittiness of this film is found in the deception of cinematography making you forget it's a drama and not a documentary of the uprising in Algeria against the French colonials.










The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly (1966)

The story of treasure lures you in with the three outlaws, against the background of the Civil War. The cinematography and production would be beat only by Leone's own efforts two years later.










Persona (1966)

An actress' lack of speech finds her being cared for by a young nurse. Their cottage retreat turns from an isolated holiday to a painful co-dependence and jealousy of each other's afflictions.










Mouchette (1967)

The bleak tale of what may be the most wretched little girl in cinema history; the stark pain is elevated by the realization that she has lost all capacity for emotion.










2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)

Beyond the apes and Technicolor swirlings is the bulk of the film: an astronaut's race to beat an evil supercomputer, the HAL 9000, from destroying his ship and himself.










Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)

Sergio Leone's cinematography can be beat only by the score and Henry Fonda's role as 'Frank' in this Western epic of how the West was really won.










Fiddler on the Roof (1971)

Topol plays Tevye raising his daughters Jewish in pre-Revolution Russia, doling out wisdom and fantastic musical numbers.










A Touch of Zen (1971)

The greatest of Kung Fu masterpieces, not for it's amazing fights (the inspiration for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon) but for it's engrossing plot, acting, and cinematography.










The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972)

A surrealist look at the French bourgeoisie where it is unclear if what is portrayed is dream, reality, production or something else. The cast just goes along with it, whatever it is.










The Godfather Parts I+II (1972, 74)

The second half is superior to the first. The two combined creates a story told in three compelling narratives, portrayed by top actors of the rise, and fall, of America's most powerful family.










Solaris (1972)

Suspenseful and art house don't often go together well, but in this science fiction tale the creeps don't come from an evil spaceship, aliens, or HAL. Instead the uneasiness is provided by ourselves in a reflection on conscience.










Day for Night (1973)

Capturing the process of making a film the cast, crew, and director (who is played by the director Truffaut himself) exemplify the hysteria, pleasure and drama of a movie set.










Blazing Saddles (1974)

Wilder and Cleavon Little co-star with Madeline Khan in the farcical depiction of life in the West, at least as it appears on the back lots.










Chinatown (1974)

Jack Nicholson is trying to unravel a few mysteries at once, while keeping his nose out of trouble investigating conspiracy and murder.













F for Fake (1974)

Welles guides us through a film essay on fakes and frauds from the world of the arts while touching upon questions of artistic merit and value.










Barry Lyndon (1975)

Lyndon's tragic arc plays out slowly, yet you can't imagine telling the story at a different pace. The shots are truly picturesque: freeze-frame and you could hang them on your wall.










Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)

For Arthur and his K-nig-its to find the Holy Grail leads to obstacles such as the Knights who say 'Ni!', murderous bunnies, and silly Frenchmen.










Network (1976)

The big screen takes on the small screen.










Taxi Driver (1976)

Gritty realism? Maybe. Yet shot after shot confirms Scorsese's talent with the camera and scene after scene De Niro's psychotic persona captivates.










Star Wars IV: A New Hope (1977)

Luke, Han, and Leah join the Rebellion under the guidance of Obi-Wan and assistance of wookies and droids to fight the Empire, and it's masked face: Darth Vader.










Tree of Wooden Clogs (1978)

A meditative year in the life of farming peasants, framed as the turn of the century, which, with noticeably few tweaks, could be centuries old.










Apocalypse Now (1979)

A man is sent up river in Cambodia to find Col. Kurtz, Marlon Brando, who has gone AWOL during the height of Vietnam; the further up river the more primitive the world becomes.










Mon Oncle D'Amerique (1980)

Is it a documentary on behaviorist psychology? A drama of three individuals mid-life crises? The answer is, pleasantly, both.









My Dinner with Andre (1981)


A conversation between Andre Gregory and Wallace Shawn perfectly captures, sometimes with depth of feeling and sometimes with irony, the act of two people coming together and discussing serious things.










Blade Runner (1982)

Harrison Ford is specially trained to track down replicas that have gone astray in the future, and has to find four particularly difficult cases and battle with his own conscience.










Koyaanisqatsi (1982)

With no conventional plot, or documentary theme, 'koyaanisqatsi' translates from Hopi as 'life out of balance', as exposed by the images and music.










Twice Upon a Time (1983)

Visually stunning animation not for kiddies tells the story of Ralph and Mumford trying to be heroes and save us from the nightmares concocted by vile 'Synonamess Botch.'










Brazil (1985)

Gilliam's masterful story of a man in the future, played by Jonathan Price, who needs to unravel a mystery and discovers the unpleasant underbelly of his society.










The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)

A nervous, desperate woman, who finds her escape in movies during the depression, is jolted into a real on and off-screen romance.










The Princess Bride (1987)

True love between Buttercup and Westley must overcome a pirate, a Spaniard, a giant, and a Sicilian, all before entering the Fire Swamp, joking along the way.










Wings of Desire (1987)

The story of an angel who feels the need to see more than the colorless, weightless spiritual world in which he cannot intervene, who breaks through to humanity.










A Fish Called Wanda (1988)

Kevin Kline is the brilliant gem surrounded by Cleese, Palin, and Curtis in a romantic comedy caper that's not safe for fish or small dogs.










Cinema Paradiso (1988)

A master-work of nostalgia and embodied memory as viewed by the movie projectionist and the movie director.










Goodfellas (1990)

The brilliant trifecta of Mafiosos (De Niro, Pesci and Liotta) execute Scorsese's peculiar wish to blend a mob movie with a "rollicking road picture".










Farewell My Concubine (1993)

The story of two stage brothers, king and concubine, whose lives are a reflection of the opera they perform and the turbulent times they live through.










Groundhog Day (1993)

Bill Murray is the cynical newsman who finds himself reliving the same day of his life over and over, especially comedic are his attempts to off himself before redemption.










Jurassic Park (1993)

Sam Neil and crew are trapped on an island where dinosaurs have been brought back to life, when things start to go suspensfully wrong.










Chungking Express (1994)

Chinese 90's romance never looked so good: Parallel stories revolve around lovesick cops and fast food, in an atmosphere of Hong Kong noir.










Clerks (1994)

Two clerks bitch about their jobs and lives, with minor escapades and great comic dialogue during a hard day at the store.










Pulp Fiction (1994)

Three interwoven stories: A hit man taking the boss' wife for a night of fun, a boxer trying to avoid the boss, and the hit man and his accomplice needing some assistance with body removal.










The Shawshank Redemption (1994)

Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman find themselves prisonmates in Shawshank, where they bond and lift each other up and out into hope.










Ulysses' Gaze (1995)

A man's journey to find the first film leads him to retrace his own childhood steps in the war-torn Balkans.










The Big Lebowski (1998)

The Dude doesn't want to do much but drink White Russians, listen to Creedance and go bowling with his buddies. But he gets mixed-up in a kidnapping caper.










The Truman Show (1998)

Truman lives a normal life, but soon it starts to unravel. His quest to come to grips with what is reality would ironically precursor the 'reality television' movement of the next decade.










Snatch (2000)

Guy Ritchie infuses comedy into a gangster film full of boxing, guns, dogs, pikeys, and a diamond the size of your fist.









City of God (2002)

The slums of Rio provide a horrific breeding ground for gang warfare where the gangsters running the streets are mere children.










Talk to Her (2002)

Subtle and enchanting it's only after viewing that you realize how brilliant the modern love story is, from the cinematography to messages it cares to share.










Triplets of Bellville (2003)

Near-silent French animation tells the story of a grandmother and her boy whose dream is to ride the Tour D' France; his kidnap leads her to recruiting the odd triplets in her rescue mission.










Zatoichi (2003)

The story of the blind samurai Zatoichi, played by Takeshi Kitano, who joins unusual companions in ridding a town from rival gangs.










The Incredibles (2004)

In the Pixar debate 'Incredibles' will likely be seen as the victor: The story is well-animated, funny and exciting, moved by the engaging characters.










Mirrormask (2005)

Incredible visuals bring to life Gaiman's novel, with bright, funny characters in a fantastic story about the girl who grows up in the circus and wants to escape to the normal world.










Paprika (2006)

Satoshi Kon blends together his own visions, developing since Perfect Blue, with major themes tackled by anime since Akira on the role of science and technology, reality and dreaming, individuality and avatar.


The Fountain (2006)


Aronofsky keeps the visuals impressive while Hugh Jackman’s remarkable performance elevates the time-travelling fantasy plot that deals with death, spirituality, and rebirth as he attempts to cope with loss.



Synecdoche, New York (2008)

A sort of Borges-inspired anti-Truman Show where the man constructing the reality knows it's false, and the most inspiring moment is the one which is rehearsed and stagy.

Friday, March 7, 2014

A Quick History of Hip Hop

For those who aren't really too into it, and want a quick-ish playlist to learn. Note: I am in no way an expert on any of this, but from what I know, this is what I came up with.

1.      Rapper’s Delight, Sugarhill Gang, 1979
2.      The Message, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, 1982
3.      Planet Rock, Afrika Bambaataa, 1982
4.      I Can’t Live Without My Radio, LL Cool J, 1985
5.      Walk This Way, Run DMC, 1986
6.      Paid in Full, Eric B and Rakim, 1987
7.      Strictly Business, EPMD
8.      Fuck Tha Police, NWA, 1988
9.      Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos, Public Enemy, 1989
10.  High Plains Drifter, Beastie Boys, 1989
11.  Me Myself and I, De La Soul, 1989
12.  Daydreaming, Massive Attack, 1991
13.  Scenario, A Tribe Called Quest, 1991
14.  Mind Playing Tricks on Me, Geto Boys, 1991
15.  Nuthin’ But a ‘G’ Thang, Dr.Dre, 1992
16.  Gin and Juice, Snoop Dogg, 1993
17.  C.R.E.A.M., Wu-Tang Clan, 1993
18.  New York State of Mind, Nas, 1994
19.  Juicy, Notorious B.I.G., 1994
20.  Zealots, The Fugees, 1996
21.  Midnight in a Perfect World, DJ Shadow, 1996
22.  I Ain’t Mad Atcha, 2Pac, 1996
23.  Quality Control, Jurassic Five, 2000
24.  Stan, Eminem, 2000
25.  B.O.B., Stankonia, 2000
26.  Jigga That Nigga, Jay Z, 2001
27.  It’s Too Late, The Streets, 2002
28.  Jesus Walks, Kanye West, 2004
29.  All Caps, Madvillain, 2004

30.  Find Your Love, Drake, 2010

Tuesday, March 4, 2014

Television Update

Two more years have gone by, and three new television shows seem to have slipped into my list of best. You can find them all below, and, unlike I was predicting in 2012, Mad Men isn't on there.



1. Fawlty Towers

2. Connections

3. Coupling (UK)

4. Clone High

5. Mystery Science Theater 3000

6. Cosmos: A Personal Voyage

7. Brideshead Revisited

8. Daria

9. The Prisoner (original)

10. Dekalog

11. The Twilight Zone (original)

12. Frasier

13. The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

14. Star Trek: The Next Generation

15. The West Wing

16. The Singing Detective

17. Sherlock

18.  Black Mirror

19. John Adams

20. Band of Brothers

21. QI

22. The Muppet Show (original)

23. Iron Chef (Japanese original)

24. Pushing Daisies

25. Firefly

Saturday, March 1, 2014

NaNoReMo 2014

March has been designated as this year's National Novel Reading Month. The tradition started over on the fine Bathroom Monologues website a few years ago. The basic idea is this:

1. Pick a novel you've been putting off, preferably some classic
2. Read it by the end of the month
3. Share your progress and such on your blog or with friends

This year I have chosen Honore de Balzac's 'Old Goirot' for my novel. It has been sitting on my shelf for almost six years, since 2008, and I've never read anything by Balzac. With this accomplishment I will have read, along with Chaucer and Rabelais, all three of the authors the good people of River City disapprove of.

Balzac. Photo taken a few years after writing 'Old Goirot'

I am also trying to polish off the back half of 'The Tale of Genji' and the last hundred pages of 'The Adventures of Augie March' this month, so I'm rather glad 'Goirot' is only 300 pages. What novel will you read?

Wednesday, February 12, 2014

Newspaper’s Best of the Worst

One reason why web comics are often superior to dead-tree newspaper comics is the uncensored nature of the internet. Web comics can be raunchier, meaner, more specialized, smarter, and bigger. Yet over the century-plus of newspaper comics in America, some rather despicable characters made it onto the funny pages. As Groucho Marx showed us in cinema, mean is often funny.

Here is a list of curmudgeons, pranksters, scrooges, ravers, and lunatics from the newspaper world, who all share in common a warped, and rather dark, view of things.


12. Foxy Grandpa

Foxy Grandpa was the original. He was not the first trouble-maker on the page (that probably goes to Hans and Fritz Katzenjammer) but his slyness makes him standout. He premiered in 1900, and quickly got the best of his family.


11. Uncle Duke

Over 40 years, Duke has changed quite a bit. Initially a Hunter S. Thompson spin-off, he’s become a conniving representative for questionable moral choices. Duke’s embittered nature for dues owed has few rivals.


10. Hawthorne

Not surprisingly for a hermit crab, Hawthorne is crabby by nature. The world sucks, his friends are idiots, and he has anger-management issues, pinching toes of the unsuspecting to vent his frustrations of living in a tropical paradise.


9. Porky Pine

Unlike A.A. Milne’s Eeyore, Porky Pine is in no way cuddly. With a consistently downbeat view of the world, the other residents of the Okefenokee do their best to put up with the perpetual downer. For his part, Porky Pine usually stays out everyone’s way.


8. Ignatz Mouse

Ignatz throws brick at Krazy Kat. Krazy Kat assumes brick is a love-token. Officer Pup arrests Ignatz for hurting his sweetheart. The same story, every time, but Ignatz’s cunning and schemes to wallop Krazy makes it original and amusing, every time.


7. Charlie Brown

Charlie Brown’s utterances, “Good grief!” and “Augh!”  have become cultural touchstones. Nothing goes right for Charlie Brown, and as such he faces the world with humbug, periodically building up self-worth, only to have the football swiped from beneath him.


6. Popeye

Far away the best mutterer in the history of comics, Popeye is a wonderful curmudgeon and jerk, right from the start. He does not suffer fools, and has no time for yellow-bellies and sissy stuff. Of course, we know better, that he does have a heart (for Olive Oyl).


5. Flip the Clown

Encountered by Little Nemo in Slumberland Flip is such a jerk he has ‘Wake Up’ even written on his hat. He comes up with scrapes, cons, and grifts, to which Nemo succumbs. Indeed, he is even instrumental in making sure Nemo doesn’t meet the princess. He stands as one of the best conmen of the papers.


4. Citizens of the Far Side

The Far Side has no recurring characters, but nearly all of its inhabitants are total weirdos. It’s incredible the strip made it into print at all. Every week the cast was being tortured, killed, humiliated, and maimed by the other residents of the Far Side. As one person wrote in, “Sick, sick, sick.” But funny.


3. Calvin

Calvin is annoyed at the world, since he views it as an adult through a child’s body. Cranky, moody, easy to anger, and generally pessimistic, Calvin provides real reasons and issues to be frustrated with. His ‘the world sucks’ is based on a lot of evidence.


2. Bill the Cat

Bill is a certifiable lunatic. With a cockeye stare and his tongue sticking out, it’s a wonder he was allowed in the comics at all. (Especially worrisome since he wasn’t house-trained.) He is the antithesis of the cute and cuddly that infests the comic’s page.


1. Huey Freeman


Premiering on the national stage in 1999, Huey Freeman became the new voice of a generation that was pissed off. We often forget, with the popular television show that followed, that Boondocks was a comic for seven years. Huey feels isolated from his country, his neighborhood, and even his family. From his isolation on the mountaintop of justice, he preaches the curmudgeonly gospel. During those bleak Bush years, it was a welcome relief.

Saturday, February 8, 2014

UNESCO and National Parks Map

Here's something I haven't been able to find online: a composite map of both America's UNESCO sites and National Parks. Parks are shown in black, and UNESCO in red, with joint in green.



Of the 67 unique sites supposedly of greatest cultural and natural value I have been to 17 or just about one quarter (Acadia, Shenandoah, Monticello, Statue of Liberty, Independence Hall, La Fortaleza, Virgin Islands, Mesa Verde, Saguaro, Petrified Forest, Redwoods, Yosemite, King's Canyon, Pinnacles, Sequoia, Canyonlands, Arches). How many have you seen?

Monday, February 3, 2014

Western Tradition Compendium: Comnena

Comnena – Alexiad
Introduction

Kings and queens, knights and dragons, serfs and Vikings – these are the typical images of the middle ages in Europe after the fall of Rome. But when it collapsed, around 500, half of the Empire lived on. Constantine shifted the official capital to Byzantium (later Constantinople, later still Istanbul) in 330, and under Heraclius in the 600s the empire distinguished itself as ‘Byzantine’ from Roman ties. (Traditions remained. Comnena refers to her husband by his honorific ‘Caesar’ throughout.)
            The Byzantines spoke Greek, were Christian, and had cultural connections to Europe. A number of Byzantine chronicles exist, but none is so interesting at the Alexiad, regarding Emperor Alexius I, written by his princess daughter, Anna Comnena (1083 – 1153). In it is a particularly remarkable account of the First Crusade, one of the most important and defining actions of the Middle Ages. The Byzantines found themselves at an unusual crossroads, with tens of thousands of European crusaders marching through their land on the way to the Holy Land. The Byzantines were a wealthy empire, as the western Europeans had rediscovered only recently, and were made nervous by the invader’s presence.
            Around the millennium there was an assumption that the world was going to end. As such, a large volume of holy pilgrims went to Palestine seeking to be present when Jesus returned. But the End did not come. Instead, what they found there was a wealthy Eastern church, and a variety of other, forgotten Christian sects. When Alexius I petitioned the western Europeans to help against the Turks the rift between churches was still very decisive. But Pope Urban II had lifted a prior excommunication on the eastern emperor, and so pledged support, and told the knights “God wills it.”
            The Crusades were critically important. (The idea that Christians could kill was rather novel.) Perhaps they were due to a psychological rift, in that the Book of Revelations had said the Prince of Peace would return after a thousand years, and his not doing so caused Europeans to lash out against the Muslims and Jews. The First Crusade was successful, in that they captured Jerusalem. But the initial holdings would not last, and as the Crusades continued, until nearly 1300, the Muslims retook the territory. All the same, this exchange of culture, travel and trade, and rediscovery of the Greeks and Romans, would lead to the Renaissance. The Crusaders went to the Levant a variety of ways, by land and sea. But they always came back through Italy and the Papal States, to report to the Pope and give tribute. So it is not surprising that the Italian city-states would begin to rise in prominence during this period.
            Byzantine culture wouldn’t long survive the Crusades. They had fought the Normans for years when the Crusaders showed up, led in half by Norman princes. Indeed, part of the First Crusade saw a renewal of this conflict. In 1453 the last Byzantine holdout, the city of Constantinople itself, fell to the Turks. In English ‘byzantine’ has come to be synonymous with the devious and intricate. The court politics and the centuries-long shuffle of Roman customs have always been looked down upon from a Western European point of view. (Part of this seems due to jealousy, that the Byzantines had gold in their coffers while the western kings lived in dreary castles.) Yet that the Byzantines were a critical part of the Western heritage shouldn’t be forgotten. Their last legacy would be by marrying the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor to Russia’s Ivan III. With this symbolic movement, in 1472, Russia took on the Eastern Orthodox religion, proclaimed Moscow the third Rome, and adopted the double-headed eagle as their imperial symbol. (The title of ‘czar’ was also a connection to Byzantine and Roman ‘Caesar’.)

            Anna Comnena, our chronicler, was not some submissive girl who loved her daddy. Indeed, she was extraordinarily well-educated, and a skilled physician as well. There is an interesting amount of debate as to whether she plotted in the death of her father. She would end her last days instead in a convent, but she seems to have come quite close to having become de facto Empress, for which there were numerous precedents in Byzantine history. As far as style goes there are a few considerations to bear in mind reading the Alexiad. Obviously, with her husband going off to war, and as part of the royal family, she has an important first-person view, with obvious sympathies and subjective interests. Also, some of the accounts happened when she was a child, or later when she was in the convent, and so are second-hand. But the selection following deals with the arrival of these Crusaders and the Byzantine’s perception of them, and therefore is not plagued by this latter difficulty.