Monday, September 18, 2023

Academy Honorary Award

The Academy Honorary Award usually goes to one of two recipients: 1) Those who have gotten lots of nominations, but never won any or, 2) those who never got any nominations, and, oops, probably should have.

In the former category we have performers like Barbara Stanwyck (4 nominations without a win) and Peter O’Toole (8 nominations without a win). In the latter we have artists like the directors Roger Corman and Charles Burnett – never getting nominated. The award can go to anyone significantly involved in the film industry, though, not just actors and directors (stunt performers, costumers, musicians, etc.).

That said, it also sometimes is given as a sort of lifetime achievement to folks who have already won competitive Oscars, but I’m ignoring that category (see Laurence Olivier, Sidney Poitier, etc.). Finally, it is often also given to foreign directors and actors, for their contribution to American cinema (Hayao Miyazaki, Jean-Luc Goddard, Liv Ullman, etc.) - so it is not exclusive to Americans.

Bearing that all in mind, here, then, arranged solely by age, are 25 people who I think deserve an Academy Honorary Award. My cutoff for the youngest possible age, based in part on how the Academy seems to do it, is 55.

 

James Hong (94). Notable work: Chinatown, Blade Runner, Everything Everywhere All at Once

Don Bluth (86). Notable work: An American Tale, The Land Before Time, Anastasia.

Claudia Cardinale (85). Notable work: 8 ½, The Pink Panther, Once Upon a Time in the West

Ridley Scott (85) 4 noms. Notable work: Alien, Thelma & Louise, The Martian

Ian McKellan (84) 2 noms. Notable work: Richard III, Gods & Monsters, The Lord of the Rings Trilogy

Christopher Lloyd (84). Notable work: Back to the Future, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, The Addams Family

Brian de Palma (83). Notable work: Carrie, Scarface, The Untouchables

Martin Sheen (83). Notable work: Badlands, Apocalypse Now, The Departed

Werner Herzog (81) 1 nom. Notable work: Aguirre: The Wrath of God, Grizzly Man, Cave of Forgotten Dreams

Wallace Shawn (79). Notable work: My Dinner with Andre, The Princess Bride, Toy Story

Wim Wenders (78) 3 noms. Notable work: Paris Texas, Wings of Desire, Pina

Mia Farrow (78). Notable work: Rosemary’s Baby, The Purple Rose of Cairo, Hannah and Her Sisters

Claire Denis (77). Notable work: Beau Travail, 35 Shots of Rum, White Material

Glenn Close (76) 8 noms. Notable work: The Big Chill, Fatal Attraction, The Wife

Sigourney Weaver (73) 3 noms. Notable work: The Year of Living Dangerously, Aliens, Gorillas in the Mist

Isabelle Huppert (70) 1 nom. Notable work: La Ceremonie, The Piano Teacher, Elle

Jeff Goldblum (70) 1 nom. Notable work: The Fly, Jurassic Park, Independence Day

Wong Kar-Wai (65). Notable work: Chungking Express, Happy Together, In the Mood for Love

Steve Buscemi (65). Notable work: Reservoir Dogs, Fargo, Con Air

Doug Jones (63). Notable work: Hocus Pocus, Pan’s Labyrinth, The Shape of Water

Antonio Banderas (63) 1 nom. Notable work: Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, Philadelphia, Pain and Glory

Ralph Fiennes (60) 2 nom. Notable work: Schindler’s List, The English Patient, Harry Potter

Andy Serkis (59). Notable work: The Lord of the Rings Trilogy, King Kong, Black Panther

Gong Li (57). Notable work: Ju Dou, Raise the Red Lantern, Farewell My Concubine

Shah Rukh Khan (56). Notable work: Dil Se…, Devdas, My Name is Khan

 



Saturday, August 26, 2023

15 Women Who Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Historically, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has been negligent in inducting female artists - at least until the past few years (with a wave of overdue additions, from Carly Simon to Joan Baez). Here are my recommendations for some important musicians they should consider:


Dionne Warwick (eligible since 1987). 100 million records sold, received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, is in the Grammy Hall of Fame, and Kennedy Center Honoree.

Bjork (eligible since 2002). 22 million records sold, Polar Music Award Winner, critically acclaimed genre-fusion pop culture icon.

X-Ray Spex (Poly Styrene) (eligible since 2002). One of the foremost female-led punk groups, Germfree Adolescents has become an iconic 70s recording.

Queen Latifah (eligible since 2003). Grammy Award Winner, Kennedy Center Honoree, All Hail the Queen is in the National Recording Registry.

Tori Amos (eligible since 2005). Critically acclaimed, and perennial awards nominee, singer-songwriter of the 90s, particularly renowned for Little Earthquakes.

Cyndi Lauper (eligible since 2008). 50 million albums sold, Grammy and Tony winner, She’s So Unusual has become regarded as an 80s masterpiece, and is in the National Recording Registry.

Sinead O’Connor (eligible since 2012). Grammy Award Winner, I Do Not Want What I Haven’t Got became a landmark album of the 90s, and catapulted O’Connor to stardom.

PJ Harvey (eligible since 2016). Critically acclaimed, and perennial awards nominee, essential singer-songwriter of the 90s.

Alanis Morissette (eligible since 2016). 75 million records sold, Grammy Award winner, iconic 90s alt-rock star, Jagged Little Pill also inspired a Tony-winning musical.

Mary J. Blige (eligible since 2017). Grammy Award Winner, her blending of hip-hop and soul music in the 90s was incredibly influential, with one of the most successful Billboard songs of all-time.

Sleater-Kinney (eligible since 2019). An influential riot grrrl band, they later transitioned to prominence in the indie rock world, with their albums receiving critical praise.

Erykah Badu (eligible since 2021). Grammy Award winner, neo soul pioneer, Baduizm was particularly critically acclaimed.

Fiona Apple (eligible since 2021). Grammy Award winner, and critically acclaimed singer-songwriter who has put out classic albums across three decades.

Lauryn Hill (eligible in 2023). Record-breaking Grammy Award winner, 90s hip-hop star, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill is in the National Recording Registry.

 

Musical Influence

‘Big Mama’ Thornton (eligible since 1986). A gender nonconforming R&B pioneer who made the first recordings of songs like 'Hound Dog,' which is in the National Recording Registry.




Friday, August 11, 2023

Pop Culture Icons

I was thinking lately about pop culture icons, and which ones reflect our times. Of course, every country is going to be a different, just as the list is constantly shifting to reflect “contemporary” culture, but for the U.S., I think the following list is a pretty good reckoning for the early 2020s.

Disclaimers: Only looking at icons from the 20th and 21st centuries (No Sherlock Holmes, Ebenezer Scrooge, Alice, Dracula, et al.). There are no mascots – brand, sports, or otherwise (No Ronald McDonald, Mr. Met, Smoky the Bear, et al.). Finally, there are no political figures, who certainly have an enormous impact of pop culture, but felt wrong for this list (No Gandhi, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Princess Diana, Hitler, et al.).

Here, unranked and alphabetized, are what I’d consider the top 150 Pop Icons:


ABBA

Muhammad Ali

Julie Andrews

Ang (Avatar: The Last Airbender)

Louis Armstrong

David Attenborough

Avatar Na’vi

The Avengers

Lucille Ball

Barbie

Batman and The Joker

The Beatles

Beyonce

Humphrey Bogart

James Bond (Skyfall, Dr. No, Goldeneye, etc.)

Bono

David Bowie

Tom Brady

Marlon Brando

Garth Brooks

Charlie Brown and Snoopy

Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck

Calvin and Hobbes

Al Capone

Mariah Carey

Johnny Cash

Charlie Chaplin

Dave Chappelle

Cheers Cast

Cher

George Clooney

Sheldon Cooper (Big Bang Theory, Young Sheldon)

Simon Cowell

Lara Croft (Tomb Raider)

Tom Cruise

Ellen DeGeneres

Don Draper (Mad Men)

Dr. Dre

Dr. Seuss (Cat in the Hat, The Grinch, The Lorax, etc.)

Dr. Who

Bob Dylan

Clint Eastwood

Albert Einstein

Eleven (Stranger Things)

Eminem

Tina Fey

Aretha Franklin

Sigmund Freud

Friends Cast

The Fonz (Happy Days)

Game of Thrones

Judy Garland

Bill Gates

Ghostbusters

Godzilla

Goku (Dragon Ball)

Grateful Dead

Rick Grimes (Walking Dead)

Meredith Grey (Grey’s Anatomy)

Tom Hanks

Stephen Hawking

Hello Kitty

Audrey Hepburn

Alfred Hitchcock

Jack and Rose (Titanic)

Michael Jackson

Steve Jobs

Indiana Jones (Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Last Crusade, etc.)

Michael Jordan

Frida Kahlo

The Kardashians

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Stephen King

King Kong

Hannibal Lecter (Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal, etc.)

Bruce Lee

Jay Leno

David Letterman

Link (Legend of Zelda)

The Lion King

Omar Little (The Wire)

Jennifer Lopez

The Lord of the Rings

Madonna

Bob Marley

Freddie Mercury

Hiyao Miyazaki (My Neighbor Totoro, Spirited Away, etc.)

Marilyn Monroe

Mickey Mouse and Gang

MrBeast

The Muppets

Peter Pan

Sarah Jessica Parker

Rosa Parks

Dolly Parton

PewDiePie

Pablo Picasso

Pokémon

Harry Potter

Elvis Presley

Prince

Jackie Robinson

The Rock

Mister Rogers

Cristiano Ronaldo

Bob Ross

Run DMC

Arnold Schwarzenegger

Scooby Doo Gang

Michael Scott (The Office)

Jerry Seinfeld

Sesame Street

Tupac Shakur

Shrek

The Simpsons

Frank Sinatra

Will Smith

Tony Soprano (The Sopranos)

South Park

Britney Spears

Spider-Man

Steven Spielberg

SpongeBob SquarePants

Star Trek

Star Wars

Jon Stewart

Martha Stewart

Meryl Streep

Superman

Super Mario Bros.

Taylor Swift

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Tom & Jerry

Toy Story

Transformers

Tina Turner

Twilight

Andy Warhol

John Wayne

Betty White

Walter White (Breaking Bad)

Robin Williams

Serena Williams

Oprah Winfrey

Winnie the Pooh

Stevie Wonder

Wonder Woman

Tiger Woods

X-Men

Daddy Yankee


Notable icons representing various genres

Tuesday, July 25, 2023

Game: American Art Finals Bracket

America has a rich legacy of the arts. But which pieces are the *most* essential - the quintessential artistic achievements of our nation? Well, what better way to determine it than a standard football bracket?

Each major category of the arts will be represented by two iconic works, and then go to the next round against a different artistic medium.

Note: Only American works of art are considered - not works that predate the United States, or made by non-Americans. (All apologies to the Statue of Liberty!)


Round One: Paintings and Poems

Paintings:

Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze

American Gothic by Grant Wood

Poems:

"The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus

"Still I Rise" by Maya Angelou


Round Two: Photography and Novels

Photography:

Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima by Joe Rosenthal

Migrant Mother by Dorothea Lange

Novels:

Moby Dick by Herman Melville

Beloved by Toni Morrison

Round Three: Film and Posters

Film: 

The Wizard of Oz

The Godfather

Posters:

"I Want You!" by James Flagg

"We Can Do It!" by J. Howard Miller


Round Four: Dance and Decorative Arts

Dance:

Appalachian Spring by Martha Graham


Jumpin' Jive by The Mills Brothers

Decorative Arts:

Tiffany Lamp by Clara Driscoll

Lounge Chair by Charles and Ray Eames


Round Five: Monuments and Drama

Monuments:

Mount Rushmore by Gutzon and Lincoln Borglum

Lincoln Memorial by Henry Bacon and Daniel Chester French

Drama:

Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda

The Crucible by Arthur Miller


Round Six: Sculpture and Comedy

Sculpture:

The Puritan by Augustus Saint-Gaudens

Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington

Comedy:

Richard Pryor: Live in Concert

George Carlin: Jammin' in New York


Round Seven: Classical Music and Architecture

Classical Music:

"Rhapsody in Blue" by George Gershwin

"Stars and Stripes Forever" by John Philip Sousa

Architecture:

Empire State Building by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon

White House by James Hoban


Round Eight: Popular Music and Television

Popular Music:

"Respect" by Aretha Franklin

"What a Wonderful World" by Louis Armstrong

Television:

The Sopranos

I Love Lucy


What does your bracket look like?

Friday, June 30, 2023

America Ten Years Out

Over the past year, or so, things have shifted for higher education in America. 

First off, the Dobbs decision, which overturned Roe v. Wade, has seen a number of states outlaw abortion. For a number of young women (and men too, perhaps), this will affect their choices regarding college applications. Consider: You are a young woman who is (or is hoping to be) sexually active in college. Will you risk applying to a campus in a state where you can't get an abortion, if needed?

I expect liberal arts campuses in states where the bans have taken hold will see a decline in applications from such students. The question will be, how drastically will this affect admissions and programs. For that we will have to wait and see, but, at the very least, I would expect greater polarization. Just as segregation left our country more geographically and ideologically polarized, the anti-abortion states will be more isolated, especially as outside voices increasingly don't intermingle at their colleges. College towns in red states will start to get redder.

Next, affirmative action has been struck down. A number of states had already gotten rid of this, and California provides really good data on what the results have been:


The data shows that getting rid of affirmative action makes campuses less diverse. They can make up some of the deficit with income-based selection, but it isn't as effective in promoting diversity as affirmative action. Once again, this means campuses will be less diverse - and provide narrower perspectives, opinions, and views.

The majority of an African American Studies courses may be mostly populated with black students, for example. But for the non-black students who are filling in the remainder of the seats, the courses may provide important insight into other perspectives besides their own. With declining black and Hispanic populations in colleges, that means those programs will probably suffer. Without access to different viewpoints, students may be less likely to examine their biases and personal histories - because the college population they find themselves in will reconfirm their biases and experiences. Banning affirmative action has already seen black and Hispanic students in those states avoiding applying to more selective schools. Elite colleges can admit based on legacy - which skews heavily towards privileged whites - but not, apparently, use the most effective tool to help lift black and Hispanic students to higher education - and, over the course of their lifetimes, greater economic gains as a consequence.

Economics will be affected also by the other major ruling, regarding student loan forgiveness. Americans owe $1.6 trillion in student loans, and the decision to disallow the Biden Administration from forgiving part of it will, of course, see fewer lower income students going to college in the future, as well as hold back a generation of borrowers from meeting the economic targets their parents had achieved by their age. This will, again, disproportionately harm black and Hispanic students. 36% of white students are first-generation college enrollments. By comparison Hispanic students are 74%, and black students 63%. By putting college out-of-reach for them, due to the exorbitant cost or crushing loans, it keeps them disadvantaged for the foreseeable future.

So. Ten years from now, picture the higher education archipelago of the United States. Across the board, fewer black and Hispanic students are in elite schools, and schools generally. Besides the west coast and New England, there are scattered islands of liberal universities. The south and most of the west and Midwest no longer attract students with perspectives at odds with their state legislatures. Institutions like Emerson, Belmont, Notre Dame - they are now increasingly dependent on more conservative white families for support, and their programs begin to reflect that. Like social media on the internet, going to college will reinforce your personal echo chamber - including mirroring your race.

Without major changes, these decisions will have a generational effect on earnings, the middle class, and our status as a debtor nation. Lacking the ladder of higher education out of poverty, wage and poverty issues will continue to be a drag on our country. Fewer high income individuals means more dependency on minimum wage - which remains far too low. The middle class will thin out even more, as people drop into poverty. Since the middle class is the driver of economic growth, this means a nation-wide economic loss. Homelessness will remain unacceptably high, without the resources and decreased charity. 

All told, these three decisions - unless there are big changes - will radically alter not just reproductive rights and university campuses, but will hasten income inequality, the gutting of the middle class, step-up reactionary labor movements and strikes, and further entrench systemic poverty and patterns of racial discrimination due to lack of opportunities - whether that is not being able to afford college, or having a child due to a failure in contraception, and being unable to get an abortion.

Rolling back abortion and affirmative action are vastly at odds with American opinion, of course. The majority of citizens support both, in growing numbers. Add to that that only 1/3 of Americans polled wanted the Supreme Court to strike down the student loan forgiveness and you have a picture of a hyper-conservative Court that does not reflect the will of the people, and does not see law as a way of supporting and lifting up its citizens. 

Friday, May 5, 2023

Presidential Rankings

Here you go: The American Presidents, ranked, officially, from best to worst.

 

Top Quartile

 

1. Abraham Lincoln.

He kept the Union together through a brutal civil war, and then freed the enslaved people of America. That said, he frequently suspended the Constitution to preserve the nation.

 

2. Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

He got America out of the Depression, and then went on to win World War II, fighting on two separate fronts. That said, he was responsible for the Japanese internment camps.

 

3. George Washington.

He set the standard for the Presidency, from having a Cabinet, to only serving two terms, to being the Commander-in-Chief. That said, he lead the U.S. military against its own people in the Whiskey Rebellion.

 

4. Theodore Roosevelt.

He busted trusts, made our food safe, was the first President to support organized labor, conserved our wild spaces, oversaw the Panama Canal, and expanded our global influence, all while ushering in the 20th century. That said, he began the policy of America actively meddling in Latin American politics beyond our borders to secure “American interests”.

 

5. Thomas Jefferson.

He vastly expanded America’s territory and power, won our first international war, and showed how to achieve a peaceful transfer of power between two opposing parties. That said, his policies against native peoples and slavery have tarnished his legacy.

 

6. Harry S. Truman.

He had to make peace after the Second World War, helping rebuild Europe with the Marshall Plan, and making sure the U.S. took the lead on international issues like the IMF and the U.N. That said, using nuclear weapons in war remains a lasting controversy.

 

7. John F. Kennedy.

He helped prevent nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis, got NASA ready to go to the moon, and pivoted the Democratic Party away from segregation and towards Civil Rights. That said, as President his management of Congress was fairly ineffectual.

 

8. Lyndon Johnson.

He passed landmark Civil Rights legislation, and launched Medicare and Medicaid while fighting against poverty. That said, he also escalated the Vietnam conflict.

 

9. Dwight Eisenhower.

He developed America’s badly needed interstate highways, desegregated our schools, and incorporated our first overseas states. That said, he also oversaw mutually assured destruction.

 

10. Woodrow Wilson.

He got America through World War I, granted women the right to vote, and helped develop a 20th century blueprint for international cooperation. That said, race relations took a turn for the worse, as did political freedoms.

 

11. James Madison.

He held the nation together during the War of 1812, when the British-Canadians invaded, in what was deemed the ‘Second War of Independence’, and then presided over a period of bipartisanship. That said, he began aggressively expanding into indigenous territory, in Tecumseh’s War.

 

Second Quartile

 

12. James Polk.

He vastly expanded the nation’s western territory, from Texas to Oregon. That said, the grounds for doing so in the Mexican-American War were shaky, at best.

 

13. William McKinley.

He began promoting America as a global, not just a regional, superpower, notably in the Spanish-American War. That said, Hawaii was questionably annexed, the U.S. used concentration camps in the Philippines, and race relations with Jim Crow laws continued to steadily decline.

 

14. James Monroe.

He began the policy of telling Europe to stay out of meddling in the Western Hemisphere’s business. That said, the Missouri compromise on slavery was well-intentioned but didn’t solve the problem, and he oversaw America’s first economic crisis.

 

15. John Adams.

He had the first transfer of power, and set the standard to keep neutral in European wars when possible, avoiding a war with France. That said, his Alien and Sedition Acts were very unconstitutional.

 

16. Ulysses S. Grant.

He got the 14th and 15th Amendments passed, vastly expanding the citizenship rights of Americans. That said, his Cabinet was full of scandals, and tarnished the office.

 

17. Barrack Obama.

He was our first black President, restored international prestige, oversaw LGBT gains, killed Osama bin Laden, and helped shift America towards better healthcare. That said, he continued noxious surveillance policies on American citizens, and had his more progressive executive orders overturned as soon as he left office.

 

18. Grover Cleveland.

He oversaw a period of limiting corruption and political favoritism. That said, his second term was hit with an economic crisis, he used the government to fight against organized labor, killing strikers, and made it harder to vote.

 

19. George HW Bush.

He navigated the complicated end of the Cold War, collapse of the Soviet Union, and reunification of Germany, raised a global coalition against Saddam Hussein, and got rights for disabled Americans. That said, the Gulf War kept Hussein in power, he raised taxes after promising not to, and got involved in a debacle in Panama.

 

20. Joe Biden.

He got ambitious infrastructure and climate change bills passed, and restored normalcy after the pandemic and insurrection. That said, the withdrawal from Afghanistan was terrible, and inflation came roaring back after forty years, during an economy that was recovering from Covid.

 

21. William Taft.

He did even more trust-busting in one term than Roosevelt in two, and saw the start of the income tax. That said, he reversed the civil rights gains made under Teddy Roosevelt.

 

22. John Quincy Adams.

He helped launch American infrastructure, had generally decent policies regarding native peoples, and tried to reign in partisanship. That said, he was not very successful, and thereby accomplished relatively little as partisanship worsened.

 

Third Quartile

 

23. Jimmy Carter.

He brought decency back to a scandalized Washington, and tried to restore American faith in government. That said, he struggled to handle stagflation, promoted deregulation, and America’s role in the Middle East began to deteriorate with Iran and the Energy Crisis.

 

24. Calvin Coolidge.

He finally made Indigenous Peoples American citizens, supported labor reform, and helped ease European tension with the Dawes Plan. That said, he also oversaw the policies that led to the Great Depression, and began limiting legal immigration.

 

25. Chester Arthur.

He finally enacted civil service reform, to promote competency in government, and modernized the Navy. That said, he oversaw the noxious Chinese Exclusion Act, and ineffectual racial and indigenous policies.

 

26. Gerald Ford.

He tried to restore normalcy after prolonged scandal, supported the ERA, and pardoned Vietnam draft dodgers. That said, he also pardoned Nixon, couldn’t tame inflation, and oversaw the messy withdrawal from Vietnam during the Fall of Saigon.

 

27. James Garfield.

He tried to resurrect elements of Reconstruction, prior to his assassination. That said, having only three months as President he was, of course, generally ineffectual.

 

28. Bill Clinton.

He oversaw a period of Pax Americana. That said, he was impeached, oversaw a loss of American jobs overseas, and presided over criminal laws that worsened civil rights.

 

29. Benjamin Harrison.

He passed the first law against monopolies. That said, he oversaw some of the worst phases of the Reservation Era, including the massacre at Wounded Knee.

 

30. Martin Van Buren.

He tried to manage an economic crisis and affairs with other countries. That said, he was not very effectual, and oversaw much of the Trail of Tears.

 

31. Andrew Jackson.

He helped bring greater populism to the Presidency. That said, he began a vicious policy against native peoples, treated the Presidency like a monarchy, and tried to dismantle Washington’s economic power.

 

32. William Henry Harrison.

He did nothing, dying a month into office.

 

33. Zachary Taylor.

He supported California’s statehood as a free state. That said, the integration of territory from Mexico was generally a messy process, and then he died a year into office, not to mention being the last slave owning President.

 

Fourth Quartile

 

34. Herbert Hoover.

He tried, a bit, to help the Great Depression. That said, he didn’t do nearly enough, and the country started to fall apart as Americans starved to death.

 

35. John Tyler.

He had to oversee the first transition from VP to President, due to death, and annexed Texas. That said, the accession was a mess, dividing his own party and creating a worsened political situation, including the first Senate veto of a President, and nearly getting impeached.

 

36. Warren Harding.

He oversaw an era of scandal and poor economic decisions. Furthermore, his Cabinet scandals hampered any effectual attempts at governing, and he had lousy views on organized labor.

 

37. Millard Fillmore.

He oversaw a worsening state of race relations, fervently enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act. Furthermore, he opened all land from the Mexican American War to be slave territory (except California), and continued to not handle the issue with the Compromise of 1850.

 

38. Franklin Pierce.

He oversaw even worse race relations, and continually vetoed any progressive bills, like trying to improve conditions in mental asylums. Furthermore, he oversaw Americans starting to kill each other over the issue of slavery with Bleeding Kansas.

 

39. Andrew Johnson.

He mishandled the reintegration of the Union, and was impeached. Furthermore, his policies focused on poor Southern whites more than the legally tenuous ex-slaves, and set Reconstruction up for failure.

 

40. Richard Nixon.

He was responsible for Watergate, and had to resign in disgrace. Furthermore, he cozied up to the dictatorships in the Soviet Union and China, abandoning our democratic ally in Taiwan, actively prolonged the Vietnam War by scuttling peace negotiations, and pivoted the Republican party to be aligned with the segregationist white voters, notably launching the “War on Drugs”. He admittedly was the first modern President to have decent environmental policies. Administration: 78 convictions, 24 prison sentences.

 

41. Ronald Reagan.

He began reversing thirty years of progress and economic gains due to trickle-down economics and deregulation, and told Americans to not trust their government. Furthermore, he oversaw a pivot away from Government support of organized labor, a worsening of civil rights with mass incarceration, took a do-nothing attitude towards the AIDS epidemic, and oversaw military debacles like Granada, the ‘Star Wars’ defense system, and the Iran-Contra scandal. Administration: 21 convictions, 7 prison sentences.

 

42. George W. Bush.

He totally mishandled the response to 9/11 by launching two costly, largely pointless wars, and the economy suffered the worst crash since the Great Depression due to deregulation, while giving tax cuts to the wealthy. Furthermore, he devastated America’s prestige with the use of secret torture sites and Guantanamo Bay as well as lying to the U.N., ruined our public education system for a generation, reversed environmental protections to handle climate change, mishandled Katrina, and began unconstitutionally spying and collecting data on American citizens. Administration: 13 convictions, 7 prison sentences.

 

43. James Buchanan.

He watched as the nation fell apart on his watch – and did nothing to stop it. Furthermore, he oversaw the total erosion of civil rights under Dred Scott, and violence continue to escalate towards the outbreak of the Civil War, from John Brown’s raid to the Utah War, to Fort Sumter. Lincoln had to build everything from scratch, inheriting nothing to help save the Union.

 

44. Donald Trump.

He acted too slowly to prevent a deadly pandemic, and was impeached for both political corruption and inciting an insurrection after refusing a peaceful transition of power. Furthermore, he undid environmental and progressive reforms, targeted LGBT citizens, worsened immigration including child separation, cut taxes for the wealthy, encouraged violence at his rallies, reintroduced immigration bans, supported white nationalists, supported voter suppression, supported Putin and North Korea, attempted to collude with Russia to win an election, appointed arch-conservative Justices who rolled back citizen’s rights, oversaw an era of democracy backsliding around the world due to supporting strongmen, employed incompetent people to his administration and family members, and violated several ethics policies of the Executive branch. Administration: indictments, convictions and prison sentences ongoing, indictments include Trump himself.